A scientific calculator is an electronic calculator, either desktop or handheld, designed to perform mathematical operations. They have completely replaced slide rules and are used in both educational and professional settings.

A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a method of mathematical expression which uses only two symbols: typically "0" and "1". The base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Each digit is referred to as a bit, or binary digit.

Arithmetic is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots.